Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Vocation of the Business Leader A Reflection

PONTIFICAL COUNCIL FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE VOCATION OF THE BUSINESS LEADER A REFLECTION FOREWORD From the 24th to 26th of February 2011 a seminar entitled â€Å"Caritas in Veritate: The Logic of Gift and the Meaning of Business† was held at the Pontiï ¬ cal Council for Justice and Peace (PCJP), in collaboration with the John A. Ryan Institute for Catholic Social Thought of the Center for Catholic Studies at the University of St. Thomas and the Ecophilos Foundation. The meeting followed the October 2010 conference â€Å"Caritas in Veritate and the USA†, which the PCJP held in partnership with the Institute for Advanced Catholic Studies of Los Angeles, and continued its study of business organizations in light of Pope Benedict XVI’s social†¦show more content†¦The transformative developments of our era — globalisation, communications technologies, and ï ¬ nancialisation — produce problems alongside their beneï ¬ ts: inequality, economic dislocation, information overload, ï ¬ nancial instability and many other pressures leading aw ay from serving the common good. Business leaders who are guided by ethical social principles, lived through virtues and illuminated for Christians by the Gospel, can, nonetheless, succeed and contribute to the common good. Obstacles to serving the common good come in many forms — lack of rule of law, corruption, tendencies towards greed, poor stewardship of resources — but the most signiï ¬ cant for a business leader on a personal level is leading a â€Å"divided† life. This split between faith and daily business practice can lead to imbalances and misplaced devotion to worldly success. The alternative path of faith-based â€Å"servant leadership† provides business leaders with a larger perspective and helps to balance the demands of the business world with those of ethical social principles, illumined for Christians by the Gospel. This is explored through three stages: seeing, judging, and acting, even though it is clear that these three aspects are d eeply interconnected. SEEING the challenges and opportunities in the world of business is complicated by factors both good and evil, including four major â€Å"signs of theShow MoreRelatedLeadership : Theory And Practice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesto read and is a good reference to continue to consult throughout one s leadership vocation. Personal reflection From this book, I gained the perspective that leadership is a process and is not necessarily something that is born with and that it is a transactional event that occurs between leaders and followers. This is something that I found interesting as I had the notion that one was either a born leader or he was not. Therefore, leadership is something that can be developed and is availableRead MoreCareer Plan For A Career Development1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthat serve as a tutorial in coaching and teaching people how to become and remain successful leaders. This is equate to putting the cart before the horse, as students need to first plan on having a successful career before planning on extending their vocation into a formal leadership role in their organization. Hansen and Tovar (2013) suggested that career development, and subsequently becoming a good leader, is a lifelong process that requires the motivation to continue to grow by taking a methodicalRead MoreQuestions about a T eacher1798 Words   |  7 Pagesin the teaching- also learning some suggestions and recommendations of great contribution . that must be the teacher in terms of academic preparation. Teachers today must be questioned constantly about the educational process, make their own reflections towards education . 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Most normally, initiative is characterized as impact, that is, the craft of affecting individuals with the goal that they will endeavor readily and excitedly toward the accomplishment of gatheringRead MorePersonal Reflection On My Personal Experience1467 Words   |  6 Pageswhich had impacted my life. In this diary, I will examine various leadership models that have moulded the way I approach the thought of authority and I will concentrate on the lead characters, which I possess myself. The focused will be given on reflections on my personal history and experience during my study period, during my first job at bank and when I worked in the Nursing Home. Leadership development was begun in the home environment and developed inside me from childhood. My parents were firstRead MoreA Person And / Or People1342 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Nia (Purpose) (nee–YAH): To make our collective vocation the building and developing of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness.† †¢ â€Å"Kuumba (Creativity) (koo–OOM–bah): To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it.† †¢ â€Å"Imani (Faith) (ee–MAH–nee): To believe with all our hearts in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggleRead MoreWho I am paper1853 Words   |  8 Pagesmy interests and passions towards my goals for Clinical counseling (Niles Bowlsbey, 2013, p. 71). . The Enterprising personality type is one of my two lowest groups according to my profile. This personality, according to Holland, focuses on leaders who are energetic, domineering, and impulsive (Niles Bowlesbey, 2013, p. 71). 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Monday, December 16, 2019

Why Smoking is Bad for You Free Essays

Did you know that the primary cause of death around the world is smoking? Are you aware that every cigarette you smoke reduces your expected lifespan by eleven minutes? And that 4. 9 million people world wide dies as a result of smoking? Smoking Is a common and popular occurrence and also responsible for approximately ninety percent of lung cancer deaths. Smoking is a bad habit and is also very hazardous to those who don’t smoke. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Smoking is Bad for You or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, before you act heedless, stop and think about what smoking will do to you and the people around you. Smoking cigarettes is a commonly pastime in the United States. At almost ever super market or gas station there are ads encouraging you to buy cigarettes. Which the smoke from the cigarettes contains over seven-thousand chemicals, sixty-nine of them are known to cause cancer which eventually lead to your dead. There are kids getting Influenced by these ads. Smoking Is abhorrent because it’s not good for you health, not only good for your health but does as much damage to the ones around you, and It also makes drastic changes In your appearance. One of the many reasons why I think smoking is bad for you is obviously because of al the health problems smoking causes. From smoking just one cigarette can lead you on your way to cancer because of the nicotine it contains. Nicotine does not cause cancer, it is an addictive drug. This can eventually make you go from one innocent smoke to multiple smokes, which then leads you to being an addict and from addict to patient with lung cancer. In other words your death sentence and I know you don’t want that for yourself. In a way by smoking you encourage cancer. Because you know what cancer can lead to so Instead of wasting your money on a cancer suck you should donate It to find a DOD cause, for Instance finding a cure to cancer association. You may say â€Å"But smoking helps me when I’m stressed out† or â€Å"Smoking makes you look cool† please no disrespect but please keep your trap shut. If you’re stressed find something besides smoking, find a hobby, go for a run, and make a plastic of your favorite songs that help you stay calm, or eat if that helps you and for smoking being ‘cool’ do you think its cool when there are infants who breathe second hand smoke and causes them have weaker lungs than other babies. Do you think it’s fair? Or do you think is so ‘cool’ hat there is patients painfully dying in hospitals because they decided to smoke and now are suffering the consequences? If you do please think again its not cool or funny It Isn’t safe for yourself or others around you. Now please stop Influencing smoking and realize how smoking Is a major Issue because It affects you and your loved ones. When I think of smoking I think of all the different ways people can make a change in this situation instead of encouraging it. Please think before you decide you need another cigarette to release some stress or because others think your cool Just because you smoke something so harmful. How to cite Why Smoking is Bad for You, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Traits And Dynamics Of Tourism Destinations-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Traits And Dynamics Of Tourism Destinations? Answer: Introducation I work for Australia Department of Tourism which is a government institution task with the management of tourism in Australia. The Australia Department of Tourism works at the national level as a branch of the government of Australia in charge of tourism. The Australia Department of Tourism is a government agency task with tourism management. The department plays a major role in attracting tourist to Australia. The role the agency is to provide information and current data on tourism and advertise the Australian tourism within the country and globally. The value of the organization or agency is to build resilience and competitiveness Australias tourism industry and increase its economic contribution to the Australian economy (Luce 2003). The organization has both external and internal influence that shapes the operation of the organization. The organization has goals such to achieving more than $115 billion budget in overnight spend and maximum economic contribution of the tour to Au stralia (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). My plan seeks to address the effects of the reduction of flora and fauna that are the main tourist attraction in Australia especially in Tasmania East Coast. According to CSIRO, one of the megatrends is what it calls Going, going ... gone? and concerns continuous depletion of the flora and fauna which is the main tourist attraction (Hughes, Daily Ehrlich 2000, Pages 7183). Background context Most of tourists that come to Australia are attracted to unique beautiful flora and fauna found in the Tasmania East Coast region. Tourism is faced by several issues that include the depletion of natural resources that are the tourist attraction and need to be considered deeply. For instance, thylacine an animal that used to live within Tasmania was exterminated in the region in 1936 (Boyce 2006, pp 102-129). Tourism, more so at the national level, requires to reviews flora and faunas depletion rate issue since it points to detrimental level. Only 42% of this region is currently under protection and there is need for more of these resource to be protected especially near East Coast region (Fernando 2014, pp. 34-50). Most of the visitors coming to Australia are attracted due to the natural resources within the Tasmania East Coast (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). Visitors that visited Australia within the financial year that ended in June 2017 are estimated to be 8.5 million. This number is estimated to be 8.9% increase from the previous year. Per Wattanacharoensil Schuckert (2016), the income that is plowed into the Australian economy is approximate $40.6 billion. The figure also represents 7% increase from the previous year (Dredge Jenkins 2007, p 336). Natural resource conservation is one of the areas within the tourism sector that play an important role with a reasonable number of employees. Generally Australian tourism industry employs around 1 million employees of which 929000 are employed either directly or indirectly in the tourism sector of the Australian economy. The number of employees in tourism sector represents 8% of all employees in Australian labor market. Of this number, 7% are employed in conservation of flora and fauna. More than 2000 employees for instance are employed directly in national parks on permanent basis alone (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014). Some other huge numbers of employees are indirectly employed in conservation and conservation research related areas. The employees number still deficit with nearly 38000 vacancies remaining unfilled in the tourism sector. Four key issues remain a challenge in the tourism sector in Australia and this is improving employee recruitment to get the best employees, enhancing regional workforce, education gap identification, increasing work mobility (Dianne Tazim 2015, pp. 285-297). There are many drivers for natural resource conservation that cut across economic, socio-cultural, technological, demographic, environmental and political. Socio-cultural drivers of resource conservation and tourism are resources. Demographic drivers focus on the increasing population that poses challenges in the existence of natural resources. Increasing population exact more pressure on the available land hence reduces the land available for natural forest and animal living within. Policies are the main political drivers for natural resource conservation which may reduce depletion of the natural resource. The Australian government has develops policies aiming at the conservation of plant and animals though much need to be done. Environmental drivers that increase depletion of natural plants and animals include climatic changes and natural disasters that reduce plants and animals (Christof 2006, Pages 87-108). Reduction of natural resources is important as it touches the entire economy of Australia though have the equally high impact of natural resources if felt in the tourism sector. Firstly, the depletion is not only a national disaster but also global issue (Airey Chong 2011). The rate at which natural resources are going away is worrying and more effort is needed in order to curb the reduction rate. Secondly, natural resources being a major tourist attraction to the Tasmania East Coast, its reduction become a major problem for the economy since there is much wealth that is tied to natural resources. Loosing tourist attraction means losing visitors and therefore more than $40.8 million that comes from tourism sector is most likely to be affected. Thirdly, reduction of natural resources especially natural plant causes climatic changes that are also dangerous for tourism sector (Beschta 2003, pp 12951309). CSIRO has cited reduction of natural plants and animals as one of its megatrends with the title of Going, going ... gone?(CSIRO, 2017) the rate at which plants and animals are depleted is worrying that point to the development of policies with a clear plan on how to address this megatrend. National parks are some of the major tourist attractions that harvest a huge amount of money from tourist throughout the year. These parks purely bank on flora and fauna as a tourist attraction and therefore reduction of these resources mean the destruction of tourist attraction. There is the need for urgent development of policies and plan to safeguard the depletion of these plants and animals. The flora and fauna form some of the basic features of country's resources with the capability to attract many visitors. Yet per CSIRO, these resources are going away with some areas already gone (Plger 2001, pp 219241). A Statement of Need Plant to protect and safeguard flora and fauna in Tasmania East Coast is needed to help preserve resources for future and continuous anesthetic purpose. Natural resource protection plan is needed to reduce the rate at which plants are going away due to depletion. Though there are parks such as Freycinet under conservation, there are needs to increase more Tasmania wilderness under conservation (Konar Estes 2003, pp 174185). The government plays a critical role in the plan since the government should develop a plan and implement the plan. Firstly, natural plant and animals protection plan need the government funding and this forms the crucial aspect of plan implementation. The major source of funding for the plan is expected to come from the government through Tourism Australia department. Tourism Australia pay reasonable amount of money to ensure that conservation is maintained in all restricted areas (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017). Secondly, political goodwill from the government in adoption and implementation of the plan sets the ground for protection of these tourist attraction resources. It is worth noting that natural resources that include natural plants and animals are under government protection and any plan need approval from the government. The business community also plays an equally important role in the protection of plants and animals since they form part of tourism value chain (Gajdok et al 2017, Vol.24). Major stakeholders in this plan are tourism industries, the government, tourists, community, and scientists. Most of the visitors who are attracted to these flora or fauna resources come from hospitality industries. These industries include hotel industry, transport industries, and tourism marketing industries that are directly or indirectly involved in the utilization of natural resources (Newsome 2001, P.2033). Secondly, the government is another stakeholder that offers funding and all the resources that are needed to protect and conserve natural resources. Moreover, the government helps in implementation of plans that aim at conserving plants and animals including their environments. Thirdly, tourists are attracted by these plants and animals and are therefore also stakeholders that play role in implementation of the plan. Fourthly, the community is another stakeholder with the capability to help the government protect plant and animals resource from destruction. Finally, conserva tionist or scientists form a battery of experts that study and develop ways to conserve natural resource (Honnold et al, 2005, pp 168-176). Key trends that influence depletion of plants and animals are climatic change, human activities that put more pressure, natural disasters and political issues. Firstly, climatic change is the number one threat to flora or fauna as the change in climatic condition is currently characterized by drought. This is dangerous to the life of plants and animals as plants dry up leaving bare grounds with limited animals habitat (Sainaghi Baggio 2017, Vol.63). Secondly, human activities such as industrialization and human encroachment are currently reducing the forest to either residential or industrial area. Thirdly, natural disasters such as bushfires and earthquakes are major devastating causes of plant and animals destruction that need to be factored in the plan. Fourthly, political factors such as government policies have much influence in the reduction of natural plants and animals (Albrecht 2015). The challenges that remain paramount to development and adoption of natural resource protection are finance, political will, lack of corporation form major stakeholders. Firstly, financial resources form the basis of conservation and are needed more so at the implementation. The tourism Australia being a government agency can source financial resources from the government for the implementation of this policy or plan (Sanderson et al, 2007, pp. 810-813). Secondly, in a government agency, one of the challenges is lack of political goodwill for the implementation of the plan. For the agency to respond to this challenge the agency should look for ways to pressure the government to accept the plan. Stakeholders cooperation is another challenge as many stakeholders sometimes dont cooperate with the project management jeopardizing the whole problem. The Tourism department as an agency needs to bring together all the stakeholders on board to understand the necessity and importance of protec ting the environment, plants and animals as the basic tourist attraction resources (Gillian 2011, p. 29). The government of Australia need to be involved in the plan since the agency involved is a government agency. The plan or policy will form part of government policies that aim at reducing natural resource depletion. Government is the main fund source that will help in the implementation of the plan. In addition, the government through the tourism department should raise the conservation policies as core strategy or development business strategy (Yu, Li He 2017). The desirable effects, benefits, and outcomes of the plan have both long-term and short-term effects. Short-term benefits of conserving natural plants and animals are based on the value of natural plants and animals (Shone, Simmons Dalziel 2016). Natural plants and animals are the major tourist attraction that attracts visitors coming to Australia. On the long-term benefits of the conservation include environmental benefits. Trees that form the better part of flora modifies climates are the major water catchment. Natural plants are the source of manure that fertilizes the soil hence maintaining the structure and health. Reducing depletion of natural plants and animals has the effects of improving both the environment and climate. Therefore, the plan seeks to address the continuous depletion of natural plants and animals that is one of the megatrends listed by CSIRO (Howell et al, 2017, pp 662-670). Scope of the proposed plan The two major possible plan approaches are community involvement and massive conservation of flora and fauna especially along Tasmania East Coast. Firstly, the first major approach community involvement in resource conservation that aims at reducing any destruction of plants and animal habitat. Communities are the critical stakeholders in plants conservation and need to be involved at every level including at national level. Secondly, sustainability approach is another strategy that can assist the government to initiate the sustainability in natural resource management and conservation. The sustainability approach makes use of proper utilization these natural resources without depletion. Thirdly, areas restriction approach restricts areas still under natural forests or animal so as to protect these resources from destruction and depletion. Areas that are still under natural resources especially within Bichero and St Helens that have not been conserved or protected need to be the rest riction (Lynn, Scarles, Tribe 2016, pp. 97-110). There are some instruments that need to put in place to ensure that the plan is successful. Some of these instruments that need to be used and these include legislation and manpower. Firstly, the government needs to put in place laws that restrict certain areas for conservation of within East Coast. Various areas that are restricted need to be covered in-laws so that it allows the conservationists enforce the restriction. Secondly, manpower is other instruments that are put in place to spearhead the campaigns for conservation of these plants and animals. There are several human resources that are used in drive the campaign for both community and conservationists (Fernando 2014, pp. 34-50). Several instruments could be used more effectively in driving the conservation plan. Firstly, financial or money resources are used to drive conservation and conservation campaigns. Advocacy is another instrument that plays an important role in conservation to reduce depletion of plants and animals. Government action can be used effectively in enforcing restriction in natural resources. The government actions also are important in the mobilization of resources that are used in conservation. Laws are some other instrument that if it used effectively, laws are used to enforce conservation (Dredge Jenkins 2007, p 336). Advantages of the conservation plan are sustainability, environmental benefits, and monetary values. Firstly, sustainability advantages ensure that while using natural resources there is continuous uses and reduced depletion. Sustainability ensures there is reduced depletion of natural resources to ensure that natural resources remain to continue giving service. Secondly, another advantage of the natural resources is environmental benefits that include climatic modification and soil protection. Thirdly, the plan works to safeguard tourist attraction resource that attracted to Tasmania East Coast. Monetary value is another advantage of conserving the environment. Some natural resources are exploited for monetary value since natural resources are used for various industrial uses (Souleacute, Estes, Berger Martinez 2003, pp 12381250). Disadvantages of the policy include changes of ownership of lands that are under natural resources. Adopting conservation policy will ensure natural resources areas that are under conservation or restricted areas has enforced ownership as the government assumed ownership of those areas. Secondly, being a national level policy, there is several resources that are used in the implementation of the policy. Various instruments are needed to implement the policy and this considers many different resources (Hristov Ramkissoon 2016, Vol.61). The plan or policy can provide the direction that is needed for reducing the loss of natural resources. Firstly, the policy sets the ground for various conservation strategies that were not in place. Though there are various areas that are under conservation and this includes Freycinet National Parks and are used protect plants and animals. The policy sets the ground for more areas that are yet to be identified since CSIRO gives details of different challenges that still remain without restriction. In addition, the policy gives the direction that is needed mobilize resources that are used in the conservation of these areas (Shone, Simmons Dalziel 2016). Proposed process The planning process is a complex stage of the policy development that takes into considerations many this in place. The policy planning process takes three different stages and these are development, implementation, and evaluation process. Firstly, the plan begins with the development of framework putting in place are the necessary resources and instruments. At the development of the plan, various policy aspects are put in place (Airey Chong 2010, pp295-314). Secondly, implementation of the policy considers instruments that are needed such as financial resources, human resource, and laws. For instance, at the implementation stage, laws will be enforced in restricted areas and conservation campaigns will also be launched. Thirdly, the evaluation requires all players and stakeholders to give the necessary feedback on the success or challenges that are encountered in implementing the policy (Schmitz, Post, Burns Johnston 2003, PP 11991205). The policy will be done in three phases that can follow each other in a consecutive manner and these are research, analysis, and consultations. Firstly, the project team conducts research to identify areas that need conservation and the urgency that need to consider while implementing the development plan. Secondly, after analysis of the areas that need to be conserved, data are analyzed with the aim of identification of gaps, resources needed and all the instruments that are needed to implement the policy. Consultation stage considers all the experts and all the stakeholders that will play role in implementation of the policy. This also gives the necessary measures that will be taken into consideration while implementing the plan (Oksanen Oksanen 2000, pp 240261). There are many different stakeholders that will be consulted when implementing the policy. Some of these stakeholders are experts, government offices and the community in general. Firstly, conservation experts and various scientists will give enough information on the applicability of the plan. The strategic expert also will assist in evaluating the feasibility of the plan and the financial implications of implementing the project (Sanderson et al, 2007, pp. 810-813). Secondly, the government officers and offices that are from tourism, conservation, and treasury will be consulted on the implementation and financial resources required. Finally, the community will be involved in the implementation of the plan are part of the policy since some lands that are used by the community will be under restriction to ensure there is more land under protection as compared to the current conserved areas. Moreover, when launching sustainability conservation of the resource, the community will be th e immediate environment to implement the project (Laliberte Ripple 2004, pp 123138). The implementation of the policy takes three different phases and these are an advertisement of areas, launching of policy campaigns, enforcement of policy and evaluating the policy. The government officially advertises restricted areas that will be covered under the new conservation policy and this is meant to make citizens that are living in these areas to move away from these areas. After giving residents of the restricted areas time to evacuate the areas there is actual launch of the conservation campaigns to ensure that community is involved in conservation as part of the strategy. The law enforcement, therefore, commences protecting the areas so as to protect the area against any destruction. Finally, the evaluation process takes into accounts those visitors that come to these places and the size of the area under conservation also will be evaluated (Hristov Ramkissoon 2016, Vol.61). The policy will be reviewed based on the financial resource used, areas under conservation and challenges faced in implementation. Financial resources audit will assist the policy team to review a number of resources used in the policy. The financial records that are used in the implementation of the policy give direct data on the success or failure of the plan. The area under conservation is another way to review the policy as the policy has to meet the maximum set target for implementers. Another way to review the policy includes evaluating the challenges that affected the implantation and this will include hostility encountered while enforcing the policy in restricted areas. Lastly, the number of visitors that come to the area to view the conserved plants and animals is another way to review the whole system (Dela Saporsantos 2016). The success of the policy is determined by the output realized from the project and input resources used in the policy development and implantation (Edgell 2008). The positive feedback from both conserved area and tourism industry are some of the ways to determine the success of the policy. In addition, the number of visitors coming to the areas and the amount of land that is under restriction gives the success of the policy. Finally, the comparison between the resources used in development and implementation of the policy including maintaining the area compared alongside the amount of money received from visitors determines the success of the policy (Souleacute, Estes, Berger Martinez 2003, pp 12381250). Conclusion In conclusion, Tourism Australia gives six megatrends that are related tourism in Australia and globally. These megatrends affect the tourism at the national level that needs policy development to address this megatrend. Going, going ... gone? Is a major trend that is concerned with continuous depletion of natural plants and animals. There is the need for policy or plan that will increase the number of areas under conservation to protect most natural plants and animals. As per statistics there is need to increase natural resources within Tasmania East Coast under conservation since these are a tourist attraction. References Airey, D, Chong, K, 2011, Tourism in China: Policy and Development since 1949, Oxford: Routledge. Airey, D, Chong, K, 2010, National Policy-Makers for Tourism in China Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 37, no.2, pp295-314. Albrecht, JN, 2015,Challenges in National-level Tourism Strategy Implementation A Long-term Perspective on the New Zealand Tourism Strategy Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014, Tourism Satellite Account 2014-15KeyFigures. www.gov.au/australianbureauofstatistics/ Beschta, RL, 2003, Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 13: pp 12951309. Boyce, J, 2006, The Social Impact of the Introduction of Dogs to Tasmania in Environmental psychology, vol.11, no.1, pp 102-129 Christof, P, January 2006, Tourism Policy in the Making: An Australian Network Study. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 33, no. 1, Pages 87-108 CSIRO, 2017, Six Megatrends identified by CSIRO. Accessible at: https://www.csiro.au/en/Do-business/Futures/Reports/Our-Future-World Dela, SE, Saporsantos, J. 2016, Philippine Tourism Act of 2009: tourism policy formulation analysis from Multiple Streams. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure, and Events Dianne D, Tazim J, 2015, Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism Management, Volume 51, pp. 285-297 Dredge, D Jenkins, JM 2007, Tourism planning and policy, John Wiley Sons, Milton, BUS_TOURISM_PUBS 336 Edgell, DL, 2008, Tourism Policy and Planning: yesterday, today and tomorrow, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fernando, AG, 2014, A comparative study of the evolution of tourism policy in Spain and Portugal Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 11, pp. 34-50 Gajdok T., et al 2017, Destination structure revisited in view of the community and corporate model. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 24, Gillian, P, 2011, American Conservatism in Historical Perspective, in Crisis of Conservatism? The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, American Politics After Bush, Gillian Peele, J, Aberbach D, (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 29 Honnold, DL, et al, 2005, Strongly Interacting Species: Conservation Policy, Management, and Ethics. American Institute of Biological Sciences, vol. 55, no.2, pp 168-176 Howell, CD, et al, 2017, Effects of land cover on coyote abundance. Wildlife Research vol.43 no.8, pp 662-670. Hristov, D, Ramkissoon H, 2016, Leadership in destination management organizations. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 61, Hughes, JB, Daily, GC, Ehrlich PR, 2000, The loss of population diversity and why it matters. Pages 7183 in Raven PH, ed. Nature and Human Society: The Quest for a Sustainable World. Washington (DC): National Academy Press. Konar, B, Estes, JA, 2003, The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas. Ecology 84: pp 174185. Crossref Laliberte, AS, Ripple WJ, 2004, Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. BioScience 54: pp 123138. Luce, B, 2003, A Multi-state Conservation Plan for the Black-tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, in the United States. Sierra Vista (AZ): Wildlife Management Institute. Lynn, B, Scarles, C, Tribe, J, 2016, Mess and method: Using ANT in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 60, pp. 97-110 Newsome, AE, 2001, The biology and ecology of the dingo. Pages 2033 in Dickman CR, Lunney D, eds. A Symposium on the Dingo. Mosman (Australia): Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. Oksanen, L, Oksanen, T, 2000, The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. American Naturalist 118: PP 240261. Crossref Plger, J, 2001, Public Participation and the Art of Governance. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. Vol.28, no.2, pp 219241. Sainaghi R, Baggio R, 2017, Complexity traits and dynamics of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, Volume 63, Sanderson, I J, et al, 2007, International Conservation Policy Delivers Benefits for Birds in Europe. Vol. 317, Issue 5839, pp. 810-813 Schmitz, OJ, Post, E, Burns, CE, Johnston KM, 2003, Ecosystem responses to global climate change: Moving beyond color mapping. BioScience 53: PP 11991205. BioOne Shone, MC, Simmons, DG, Dalziel, P, 2016, Evolving roles for local government in tourism development: a political economy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Souleacute, ME, J. Estes, J, Berger, Martinez CDR, 2003, Ecological effectiveness: Conservation goals for interactive species. Conservation Biology 17: pp 12381250. Crossref Wattanacharoensil, W, Schuckert, M, 2016, Reviewing Thailands master plans and policies: implications for creative tourism? Current Issues in Tourism 1 Yu, M, Li, Z, He, L, 2017, Composition and optimization of environmental protection policies in the tourism industry in China: based on metrical studies of the co-word network. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research

Saturday, November 30, 2019

Personal Philosophy on Heaven and Hell Themes

Jonas is a fellow student who I met after joining college. He is very smart and has interesting philosophies. He came from the southern part of the country where he grew up on a farm. Later on, he moved to the city where he attended high school. In a philosophy class where each of us gave opinions on certain topics, I found him to be particularly interesting. His opinions were based on his religious beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Philosophy on Heaven and Hell Themes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Jonas, when we die, we go to either the Heaven or the ell. However, this is usually predestined. Therefore, he is of the opinion that when someone is born, he/she has a tag of either Heaven or Hell. This predicament thereby nullifies all our actions while being on earth. Jonas claims that all people are assigned with this status at birth. He claims that his opinion does not reflect views of any particular religion but reflect his opinion on the afterlife. Jonas claims that he does not believe that an individual’s actions determine whether they go to Heaven or Hell. Instead, a person’s predestination dictates his/her actions here on earth. This means that the things people find themselves doing in their day-to-day life are in order. For instance, those people who are doing what may be considered as bad things are just following their predestined path. According to Jonas, all people serve as teachers to their fellow human beings. This means that whatever their situation is, it is meant to teach people a lesson. This means that a person’s good or bad situations educate others in a certain way. For instance, he provided an example of someone who was struggling against drug addiction. While this was a problem to that person, it educated the rest of the people on the dangers of drug use. Jonas’ opinions were very well articulated and the examp les he gave were very relevant. His opinions were on matters of religion. As a fan of religious philosophy and a believer of Heaven and Hell, I found Jonas opinions very interesting. His claim that our actions here on earth are null, seems to be very farfetched. According to him, our predestined path determines what we do. These claims, however, made me think about the way people are always trying to be good people. While some of them achieve it easily, others have no success. This might mean that people who embark on doing good things do so because it is easy for them.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This can be interpreted to mean that they are predestined to be good people. The same applies to those people who are struggling to be good people, they are predestined to be bad, and they cannot change it. My opinion though is that our actions determine whether we go to Heaven or ell a nd not the other way around. However, his philosophy about all human being subjects was moving. It made sense to think that whenever someone is faces insurmountable problems, he/she is helping someone else. For instance, when someone does not study and fails, someone else learns from it. This would explain the various challenges that individuals encounter in their day-to-day lives. It would also explain why some things happen to people for seemingly no reason. Sometimes, when I am faced with a challenge, I reflect on this philosophy. This essay on Personal Philosophy on Heaven and Hell Themes was written and submitted by user Eden Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

2 Ways To Make a Model Comet That Makes a Tail

2 Ways To Make a Model Comet That Makes a Tail   A real comet is a mixture of several materials. While each comet has its own unique chemical signature, most of them contain water ice, organic compounds, dust, and rocky or stony chunks. Its fun to make your own comet and expose it to a simulated solar wind to observe its behavior. Heres how to make a model comet that behaves like the real deal. This particular recipe uses solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) so that it will sublimate into a comet tail when exposed to heat. Feel free to substitute ingredients to see what effect they have on your model. Use caution with the dry ice. It is extremely cold and can give you frostbite if you touch it. Wear gloves! Dry Ice Model Comet Materials A bowl or pot large enough to hold your ingredientsA cup of water (it will freeze into ice when mixed with the cold dry ice)A cup of dirt (this contains organic compounds and grit, like a real comet)A cup of sand (many comets contain silicates, like sand or quartz)Some charcoal (comets contain dark material, which can be carbon, like charcoal)A bit of household ammonia or window cleaner (ammonia is a nitrogen compound observed in comets)A couple of cups of crushed dry ice (carbon dioxide is common in comets)Syrup (optional: adds organic compounds and helps the comet stick together)Newspaper (optional: place it on your workspace to make clean-up easier) Make the Comet If your dry ice arrives in large chunks, you can place it in a paper bag and smash it with a hammer to crush it. If you get dry ice pellets, you can use them as they are. Use a wooden spoon or gloved hand to mix together the ingredients and crush them together to make a lumpy ball. Like real comets, your model may break apart. One tip to help it stick together is to let it rest for a couple of moments before picking it up and examining it. You can simulate the solar wind to make a comet tail by blowing on the model. The heat of your breath will mimic the warmth of the sun. Do you smell the ammonia? Real comets smell a bit like window cleaner! Liquid Nitrogen Comet Another way to simulate a comet with a tail is to use liquid nitrogen. For this comet, you dip a porous, rocky material into liquid nitrogen and remove it to see the vapor trail. Since liquid nitrogen is even colder than dry ice, youll want to use long-handled tongs. A good material for the rocky comet is a charcoal briquette. Compare the Simulated Comet To a Real Comet Comets that we see come from either the Oort Cloud or the Kuiper Belt. The Oort Cloud is a sphere of material that surrounds the solar system. The Kuiper Belt is a region located beyond Neptune that contains many icy bodies within range of the Suns gravity. A real comet may be considered to be a sort of dirty snowball made of frozen water, dust, rocks, and dust. There are three parts to a comet: Nucleus - The dirty snowball part of the comet is its nucleus, which consists of meteoritic dirt, frozen gases (like dry ice), and water.Coma - As the nucleus of the comet moves close enough to the Sun, it warms and the frozen gases sublimate into vapor. The vapor pulls dust particles with it away from the nucleus. Light reflecting off the dust accounts for the fuzzy shape of a comet.Tail - Comets are in motion, so they leave a trail of gas and dust in their wake. The solar wind also pushes matter away from the comet and ionizes it into a bright tail. Depending on its location, a comet may have one or two tails.

Friday, November 22, 2019

The Plea Bargain Stage of a Criminal Case

The Plea Bargain Stage of a Criminal Case Due to the overburdened criminal justice system, the vast majority of  criminal cases  are settled through a process known as plea bargaining. In a plea bargain agreement, the defendant agrees to plead guilty rather than proceeding to a jury trial. When Does Plea Bargaining Occur? In a plea bargain deal, both sides gain something from the arrangement. The prosecution gains a conviction without the time and expense of a trial, while the defendant might get a reduced sentence or have some of the charges against them dropped. In some cases (for example, the Jaycee Dugard case), the prosecution will offer a plea deal so the victim does not have to go through the drama and stress of testifying at a trial. Factors Influencing a Plea Deal Whether or not the prosecution and defense agree to enter into plea bargain negotiations depend on several factors: The seriousness of the  crime itself.The strength of the evidence against the defendant.The likelihood of a guilty verdict at trial. Criminal Court Dockets Overwhelmed If the charge is very serious and the evidence against the defendant is very strong, as in the first-degree murder case against Casey Anthony, for example, the prosecution can refuse to enter into any plea deal. However, if the evidence in a case is such that the prosecution might find it difficult to convince a juror beyond a reasonable doubt, the prosecution may be willing to negotiate a plea deal. The reason the average criminal case is settled by a plea bargain is because of the overwhelming caseload facing the court system. Only about 10 percent of criminal cases go to trial. Reduced Charges, Reduced Sentence For a guilty defendant, the advantages to a plea bargain are obvious: either reduced charges or a reduced sentence. Sometimes, a plea deal can reduce a felony charge to a misdemeanor, a significant difference for the defendant. Many plea deals have resulted in a reduced sentence for the defendant. One hitch in the plea bargain system is the fact that the judge in the case does not have to accept it. The prosecution can only recommend the agreement to the judge, but cannot guarantee that the judge will follow it. Bargaining Prohibited in Some Cases Also, some states have passed laws prohibiting plea bargaining in certain cases. Some states will not allow a drunk driving charge to be bargained down to reckless driving, for example. Other states prohibit plea bargains for sex offenders or repeat offenders who may be considered to be a danger to the public. The plea bargain itself usually takes place between the prosecutors office and the defense attorney. Rarely do prosecutors bargain directly with defendants. Victims Considered in Plea Bargains For a plea bargain to be accepted, the defendant has to knowingly waive his right to a trial by jury and the facts in the case have to support the charges to which the defendant is pleading. Some states have victims rights laws that require a prosecutor to discuss the terms of any plea deal with the victim of the crime before making the offer to the defendant.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Racial and Ethnic Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Racial and Ethnic Diversity - Essay Example is rise in diversity so much of a problem This is an imperative question, for by viewing growth in racial and cultural diversity as a problem, policy makers, educators, and journalists, have set the stage for how societies will respond to this change. This does not mean that a change in the ethnic and racial structure of a school or community does not throw up new challenges or necessitate a change in approach as regards the part of educators. New immigrants palpably speak languages other than English, and in several California school districts, it is not unusual for over 40 foreign languages to be there among the student population. The arrival of racial minorities time and again leads to racial clashes and the venting of several kinds of bias and intolerance. Those receiving the new arrivals feel endangered and apprehensive and counter with antagonism and resentment. Finally, and most significantly, diversity is deemed as problematic because American schools have traditionally seen cultural incorporation of immigrants and non-whites as essential to their mission. One of the biggest concerns of politicians and educators during the nineteenth century was how new immigrants would be integrated into the American mainstream. Public schools were often considered the most rational place where task of converting foreigners into Americans could be executed. Still, "Americanization" was not restricted to foreigners. In the southwest it was routine for Native American children to be separated form their families and sent to boarding schools. The point was to convert them into Christians. As far as African American and many Mexican American children were concerned, segregated schooling actually saved them from being subjected to... According to the report findings diversity is deemed as problematic because American schools have traditionally seen cultural incorporation of immigrants and non-whites as essential to their mission. One of the biggest concerns of politicians and educators during the nineteenth century was how new immigrants would be integrated into the American mainstream. Public schools were often considered the most rational place where task of converting foreigners into Americans could be executed. As the paper declares today de-segregation has changed that too. As a consequence, the spoken language of children – be it Ebonics or Spanish - has frequently been subject to eradication. In addition, the cultural variations of these children are associated with cultural inferiority far too often, and not unpredictably, children from these groups are likely to fare poorly in school, get into serious trouble, or for that matter even drop out. Given America’s history, and given the authentic challenges that escort an increase in diversity, several educators and communities would treat this as a problem. Small towns and rural areas are showing that diversity is the country’s future and there is a concerted effort being shown in fostering diversity in the years to come. There is another option. Instead of reacting to rising diversity with apprehension and insecurity, it is feasible to treat diversity as an asset and work out ways of responding to it which facilitate the society to reap benefits from this pluralism.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Buncefield Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Buncefield Disaster - Essay Example Disasters are major accidents which take place on a large scale in specific areas. However it is not necessary that the whole areas are affected by these large scale disasters. Such a disaster which would be described in this report would be a mass disaster which took place on the 11th of December 2005. The disaster famously known as the Buncefield disaster took place because of an overfilled storage tank at the Buncefield Oil Depot located close to Hemel Hempstead, Herfordshire UK. The disaster was so huge that it expanded and took over other 20 storage tanks and the fire further spread. The horrible incident resulted in the combustion of that area for several days (Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board, 2006). The oil depot that was destroyed in that incident was one of the largest distribution terminals employed to store refined oil, petrol, aviation turbine fuel, diesel and other kerosene supplies. The explosion that started in the early morning of 11th December, 2005 resulted in the explosion of the large stocks of these refined products. The explosion was further fortified by petrol, diesel, gas and other products. The intensity of the disaster remained firm for 3-4 days. The last major combustions were stubbed out on Wednesday 14th December. However, the fire was not completely extinguished until 15th December. The explosion was so intense that the blast was heard up to about 200 miles (320 km) away. The devastating blast affected the nearby area including commercial buildings and the industrial area. The working week directed towards a great loss of many workers who were supposed to be residing there. 43 people were harmed; however, luckily no serious injuries or deaths were recorde d. The spectators and crews found this incident much destructive and confirmed that it is possibly the largest incident of this sort in peacetime Europe.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Miss Brill Essay Example for Free

Miss Brill Essay In Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Miss Brill,† Mansfield describes Miss Brill as a woman who is in deep denial of her situation. Miss Brill is an elderly woman who is not aware of the distress in her life; because she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old. Miss Brill shows the personality of a woman who is vain, detached, and over sensitive as she goes through her specific Sunday in the park wearing her favorite â€Å"Dear little thing† fur (65). Because Miss Brill struggles to admit the reality of getting old, her vanity makes her thinks she’s a special person and an actress in the play. Miss Brill believes she has a â€Å"special seat† (65) in Jardin’s Publiques the park where she sits every time. This particular Sunday afternoon is quite special for Miss Brill, because she has taken out her favourite fur from the box. Her â€Å"little rogue† (65) is like a pet â€Å"biting its tail just by her left ear† (65), and she imagines it as her companion. As Miss Brill goes through her day on watching and listening other people in the park she thought, â€Å"She had become really quite expert . . . t listening though she didn’t listen, at sitting in other people’s lives just for a minute while they talked round her† (65). She fantasizes about reading a newspaper to an invalid gentleman snoring besides her, pretending to be on stage and believing she was a good actress. â€Å"An actress are ye? † (67) thought Miss Brill, which again shows her vanity. Although Miss Brill is a teacher and is around people in the park ever y Sunday, her detachment is revealed by her not making any actual contact with her patrons. She is always distant, reserved and aloof. The only companion she has is her fur, she â€Å"laid it on her lap and stroked it† (65). When the band started to play again, she thought the music â€Å"was warm, sunny, yet there was just a faint chill . . . , what was it? . . . , not sadnessa something that made you want to sing? †(67). Miss Brill rejects the feelings of pain and loneliness detaching herself from being hurt. As Miss Brill continues her moment of delusion, her over sensitivity is apparent when a boy and a girl suddenly come to sit ext to her, she is looking forward listening to their conversation as she thought of them as a â€Å"hero and a heroine,† (68) but to her dismay, she hears them talking about her, calling her â€Å"that stupid old thing† (68), and making fun of her favourite fur: â€Å"It’s her fu-fur . . . It’s exactly like a fried whiting† (68). Miss Brill is hurt and on her way home, she skips going to the bakery to buy her favourite treat. Instead she goes straight home, puts her fur in the box and goes into her dark, cupboard-like room. While sitting there for a long time â€Å"she heard something crying,† (68). Miss Brill is the one crying, yet she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old and the resemblance she has with her old fur. After every denial and rejection of her pain and loneliness, Miss Brill’s reality comes in a harsh way when she hears the young couple making fun of her. Finally, she allows herself to feel the pain, hurt, and loneliness for a moment. Miss Brill’s vanity, detachment, and over sensitivity are her weapons to hide her emotional struggle of accepting the reality of becoming a spinster.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

War in Iraq :: Politics Political History Government Essays

War in Iraq Introduction In 1979, President Bakr resigned under pressure from Hussein, who then became president. Immediately after his succession, Hussein called a Baath Party meeting and had all of his opposition systematically murdered. As president, Hussein continued to reinforce his power base by enlarging security forces and employing family members in the government. One 1984 analysis indicated that 50 percent of Iraqis were either employed by the government or military or had a family member who was -- thus making the population intimately connected to and dominated by Hussein. For the past two decades, Hussein has tyrannically ruled Iraq. He started a war with Iran, and his invasion of Kuwait led to the Persian Gulf War. While his abuses are widespread, opposition groups receive little popular support, and uprisings have been minor and easily squelched. Fear of reprisals forced nearly unanimous positive votes for Hussein in the 1995 and 2002 referendums on the presidency. In addition, many in the Middle East seem to believe that if Hussein is deposed the country will break into pieces, leading to more problems in the already troubled region. Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Gulf War I The Iran-Iraq War permanently altered the course of Iraqi history. It strained Iraqi political and social life, and led to severe economic dislocations. Viewed from a historical perspective, the outbreak of hostilities in 1980 was, in part, just another phase of the ancient Persian-Arab conflict that had been fueled by twentieth-century border disputes. Many observers, however, believe that Saddam Hussein's decision to invade Iran was a personal miscalculation based on ambition and a sense of vulnerability. Saddam Hussein, despite having made significant strides in forging an Iraqi nation-state, feared that Iran's new revolutionary leadership would threaten Iraq's delicate SunniShia balance and would exploit Iraq's geostrategic vulnerabilities--Iraq's minimal access to the Persian Gulf, for example. In this respect, Saddam Hussein's decision to invade Iran has historical precedent; the ancient rulers of Mesopotamia, fearing internal strife and foreign conquest, also engaged in freque nt battles with the peoples of the highlands. Iraq and Iran had engaged in border clashes for many years and had revived the dormant Shatt al Arab waterway dispute in 1979. Iraq claimed the 200-kilometer channel up to the Iranian shore as its territory, while Iran insisted that the thalweg--a line running down the middle of the waterway--negotiated last in 1975, was the official border. The Iraqis, especially the Baath leadership, regarded the 1975 treaty as merely a truce, not a definitive settlement.

Monday, November 11, 2019

‘I Spy’ by Graham Green Essay

1. Setting We can say exactly that all the described events take place in England, particularly, they happen in the Eastern part of England. The father of the Charlie Stowe, of the main character, was supposed to be in Norwich that night we know about it directly from the text (â€Å"Tonight he said he would be in Norwich†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Norwich is the regional administrative center and country town of Norfolk. Besides, one sentence tells us that place isn’t far from water (â€Å"the wind blew from the sea, and Charlie Stowe could hear†¦the beating of the waves†) and now we can say precisely that it is just by the North Sea that washes the shores of England. The events happen at night in the house where the family of Charlie Stowe lives, particularly, at the tobacconist’s shop that was kept by his father. It is said in second paragraph of the text. It was time of the World War I. The following clues help us to understand it: â€Å"enemy airships†, â€Å"Zeppelin†, which was a type of airship pioneered in Germany in the beginning of XX century and used widely to bombard England during the period of the World War I, such features of fashion of that time as â€Å"bowler hats† and â€Å"belted mackintoshes†, brands of cigarettes that Charlie’s father was selling (Gold Flake, Players, Woodbines were wide-spread that time). Moreover, in the text â€Å"Huns† were mentioned. It is an Offensive slang used as a disparaging term for a German, especially, a German soldier in World War I. 2. Plot Charlie Stowe, the main character, gets mocked by his schoolmates at the County school, because he has never tried a cigarette at his 12 in his life. One night he decides to have a smoke and sneaks to the tobacconist’s shop run by his father whom he doesn’t love. His mother is sleeping and his father isn’t supposed to be at home. But when Charlie finds himself at the shop he hears footfalls in the street. It is his father and two strangers. They have a brief chat and then leave the shop. Charlie goes upstairs, he is  very frightened but the attitude to his father changed. We can observe the structure of the text. The expositions of the story include the description of that night and Charlie’s family. The climax happens when his father and two strangers have a talk, particularly, on the phrase â€Å"Well†¦there’s nothing to be done about it, and I may as well have my smokes†. It was said by Charlie’s father and it is the most important moment of the story, because here we see strong likeness between the father and the boy: during boy’s attempt to â€Å"commit† a crime (to smoke a cigarette) he tries to encourage himself with â€Å"grown-up† and childish exhortations and what is interesting Charlie uses the same words to encourage himself in the forth paragraph and his father saying the phrase above also tries to encourage himself. Maybe he committed a crime being a spy because two strangers seem to be policemen or secret-service agents and the father tells them that â€Å"The wife will sell out†, talking about his tobacco business. Also unusual behavior says to us this fact: his voice has an unfamiliar to Charlie note and he holds his stiff collar. It indicates that he is very nervous and also his voice is â€Å"dry as a biscuit†. When Mr. Stowe wants to get his coat one of the strangers would like to go with him not letting him be alone. It seems that Charlie’s father is arrested. We can do this guess-work and find one more likeness between Charlie and his father: committing a crime. The resolution happens when the father and two strangers leave the shop, frightened Charlie goes upstairs and understands how much he loves his father. 3. Elements of plot This short story abounds with conflicts. At the beginning we know that Charlie has never tried a cigarette in his life and gets mocked by boys at school. It is the first conflict: the boy versus schoolmates, his peers, and it can be considered as the conflict of a man and society. The second one happens between Charlie and his father which he doesn’t like at the beginning. That’s why we can call Charlie protagonist, and his father – antagonist. We see the third direct conflict between Charlie’s father and two men. The mystery is hidden in their talk. And finally there is the forth conflict – the inner conflict of the boy who at his 12 wants to be an adult trying to have a smoke against the fear and prohibition and maybe commit the hardest crime of his age. 4. The theme/message The main idea of the story is a generation gap, the relations of Fathers and Sons. It is still relevant nowdays, parents should pay attention to the way of upbringing of their children. Lie, mistakes, carelessness and insufficiency of attention of parents would reflect on the behavior and personality of their children. The other idea is found in the conflict of Charlie and his peers. Sometimes to be respected in society we try to do what it dictates us. Children are exposed to the society influence easier, because they haven’t enough experience in life and their world outlook isn’t finally formed. The minor idea of this story is to show how our attitude can be wrong judging people around us, even our closest people, our relatives, and it may happen that it would be too late to say the warmest words to the dearest people and even living with our family we cannot notice the likeness or common things that connect us. We should be more attentive, more sensitive and sympathe tic and keep in mind that our children would somehow look like us. 5. Narration The type of narration is entrusted narrative. The story is told from the point of view of Charlie who uses the 3d person. It is an omniscient point of view. 6. Fiction elements/Structure The author entrusts the main character telling us the story. That’s why we can consider this story as an interior monologue. In the text we also encounter with protagonist’s inner dialog and the dialog between the antagonist and two strangers. It is a kind of blend of dialogs and monologue speech. It makes us imagine more vivid the situation and keeps us in tension. On the whole the structure of the text is chronological. Only the second paragraph is a little bit detached telling about Charlie’s family and his conflicts with boys from County school and his father. The story starts at the beginning and moves through time. 7. Style: level of complexity The structure of the text is very complex. There are a lot of commas, semi-colons and conjunctions. Also inclusion of the dialogs tells us about it. Equally with conjunctions such stylistic device as asyndeton is used many times in the text. Abrupt changes from long sentences to short ones and vice versa create a very strong effect of tension and suspense for they serve to arrange a nervous, ragged rhythm of the utterances. Also very short sentences produce a very strong emphatic impact. In the text we can notice loose, periodic and balanced sentences, it also says to us about very sophisticated structure of the text. We can encounter with apokoinu constructions â€Å"light burning†, â€Å"chin cupped in his hands†, â€Å"made him grab†, â€Å"sound of several men walking rapidly†, â€Å"†¦quick steps going away†, â€Å"†¦don’t’ let me be caught†. Apokoinu constructions are mostly used in the entrusted narrative. We ca n find also a lot of attachments, particularly, in dialogs (In speech of Charlie’s father), in the 5th paragraph (â€Å"†¦belted mackintoshes. They were strangers.†) The story abounds with literary words as it should be with the fiction. The author chose very colored words such as â€Å"banks of cloud†, â€Å"thin haze†, â€Å"stale smoke†, â€Å"boisterous†, â€Å"spasmodically†, â€Å"wraith†, â€Å"despair†, â€Å"lurked†, â€Å"held his breath†, â€Å"dare not to move†, â€Å"cowered† and etc. Dialogs are very colloquial, a lot of phrasal verbs are used (â€Å"sell out†, â€Å"to be off†, â€Å"put off†). What is very interesting in the text you can find some proverbs. Firstly, in the inner dialog of the boy (â€Å"May as well be hung for a sheep†, but it isn’t full, we can consider it as ellipsis) and secondly in the speech of Charlie’s father, not finished as well (â€Å"while there’s life†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , the continuation is â€Å"†¦there is hope†) and â€Å"a stitch in time† (also isn’t fin ished (continuation: â€Å"†¦saves nine†)), and wrenched proverb â€Å"Never do today what you can put off till tomorrow†. The latter is said with a touch of sarcasm. The usage of proverbs also is a common characteristic of the boy and his father. Elipsises reflect the natural omissions characterizing oral colloquial speech and the main function is to achieve the authenticity and plausibility of fictious dialog. When Charlie wants to encourage himself he says â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard†. It is a very interesting expression and is a taunt used by schoolchildren in the UK equivalent to â€Å"scaredy cat† in the U.S. By the way it is one more clue in support of the story happens in England. It means one who is excessively fearful. The word â€Å"Cowardy† is made with the help of diminutive  suffix –y, it underlines additional emotional coloring. The descriptions in the story are very detailed, author uses a lot of epithets (â€Å"boisterous†, â€Å"wraith†, â€Å"stale†, â€Å"noisy† and etc.). Figurative language is traced through the whole story. We can find metaphors such as â€Å"a searchlight†¦probing the dark deep spaces†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (we can also call it personification), â€Å"surprise and awe kept him†¦awake†, â€Å"the tobacconist’s shop†¦drew him on†, personification â€Å"†¦familiar photograph had stepped from the frame to reproach him with neglect†, similis such as â€Å"dry as biscuit†, â€Å"but his father’s affection and dislike were as indefinite as his movements†, disguised simili can be find in the mentioned phrase â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard†, periphrasis â€Å"the packets were piled twelve deep below† instead of â€Å"there were 12 packets of cigarettes† which conveys a purely individual perception of the described object, onomatopoeia â€Å"when they cracked† if we talk about stairs and emphasizes the reigning tension. Talking again about the phrase â€Å"Cowardy, cowardy custard† author from Charlie’s point of view describes it as childish exhortation. We can notice one more morphological device, suffix –ish. It deepens the coloring of the utterance expressing some contempt. In the second and in the last paragraphs we can find antithesises: the first one in the description of Charlie’s father who is opposed to his mother and the second one â€Å"†¦while his mother was boisterous and kindly, his father was very like himself doing things in the dark which frightened him’. Through this device we can understand the real attitude of Charlie to his parents. In the last antithesis there is also a comparison of the boy and his father. In the text we can also find â€Å"don’t you† constructions, the first of which was used to emphasize sarcasm of one of the strangers (â€Å"Don’t you want to speak to your wife?† and another one is an inve rsion â€Å"Don’t you worry to much†. Mr. Stowe used it to produce sarcasm as well. Talking about dialogs we can underline its colloquialism also by repetition â€Å"Yes, yes†. 8. Tone/mood The tone of the story is very tense, serious, suspenseful and sometimes in characters’ words sarcasm slips. Tension and fear are seen in the description of boy’s actions â€Å"sat in despair†, â€Å"cowered in darkness†, â€Å"held his breath†, â€Å"clutched his nightshirt tight and prayed†. In some phrases of the one stranger we can find sympathy. Also we feel sympathy both to the boy  who is mocked at school and his father who seems to be arrested. In the detailed description of Charlie’s father we can notice that the boy is offended by him (â€Å"†¦left even punishment to his mother†). The mood of the story is hopeless and tense. We feel it throughout the story, the setting â€Å"helps† us to feel it deeply as well. But in the end we feel a kind of relief for a moment when the boy understands he loves his father. We say â€Å"for a moment† because we will never know if the father and the boy ever meet ag ain. 9. Types of characters a) Charlie 12 years old kid, brave enough to do what is prohibited (to have a smoke). But is under impact of his schoolmates who mock at him, it is a common phenomenon of children of his age. He is smart, we can say it reading how he encourages himself with the proverb. Maybe it tells us that he is well-read. The peculiarity of children of the World War I time was that they were elder mentally, more clever than the children of the peace time. The severe environment made them like that. Charlie tries to prove his maturity, to go against the fear. He is very cautious and skillful. But one thing he forgets is matches. He was so rash in his desire that make him forget a very important thing without what he can’t fulfill his wish. Though Charlie loves his mother very much, we can’t say he is mother’s darling. He wants to be with his father, share problems and feelings with him, but he sees that his father isn’t interested in him. That makes him frustrated. Charlie is a dynamic type of character, because he has a very strong position against his father and the attitude to him changes in the end. And he understands himself differently than at the beginning. b) Mr. Stowe From the very beginning we know that Charlie doesn’t love his father. He describes him as â€Å"unreal to him, a wraith, pale, thin and indefinite, who noticed him only spasmodically and left even punishment to his mother.† â€Å"Tonight he had said he would be in Norwich, and yet you never knew† – this tells us that he lies to his family. He is afraid of revealing his crime. It is seen in the phrase told one of the strangers: â€Å"if you wouldn’t mind being quite, gentlemen. I don’t want to wake up the family.†., The same we can see  in his answer on the stranger’s question â€Å"Don’t you want to speak to your wife?† – â€Å"Not me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . But at the same time Mr. Stowe is very polite with strangers (â€Å"if you wouldn’t mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Mind if†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). It also emphasizes his deceitfulness. Mr. Stowe is fond of what he is doing – running the tobacconist’s shop (â€Å"It’s a good little business†¦for those that like it†). We can notice how carefully he behaves with the packets of cigarettes (â€Å"†¦he lifted a pile of Gold Flake and Players from a shelf and caressed the packets with the tips of his fingers.†). He couldn’t be the closest person to his own kid, but he is good at business. c) Mr. Stowe Charlie opposes his father to his mother at the beginning of the story describing that her presence is â€Å"boisterous† and her charity is â€Å"noisy†. She filled the world for him, â€Å"†¦from her speech he judged her the friend of everyone, from the rector’s wife to the â€Å"Dear Queen†, except the â€Å"Huns†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . â€Å"For his mother he felt a passionate demonstrative love†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The word â€Å"demonstrative† underlines the ostentation of his love opposing more strong his father to her. It seems that Charlie is very angry with his father at the beginning. Her kindness and boisterous presence are mentioned in the end of the story again, but now the boy doesn’t feel her presence, it is evident in the last sentence â€Å"He was alone in the house with his mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He wants to say the warmest words not to her, but to his father. At the end Mr. Stowe becomes the dearest person to the Charlie. d) Two strangers These two strangers seem to be secret-service agents as it was mentioned above. Their appearance (â€Å"bowler hats and mackintoshes†) and phrase â€Å"†¦we are on duty† hint at that. One of them is polite enough thanking for the offered cigarette â€Å"Thank you all the time†, â€Å"one of us’ll come with you, if you don’t mind, – said the stranger gently†. The other one is trying to be sarcastic. 10. Methods of characterization Direct 11. Symbolism We can compare growing of a child with the stairs. Every footstep is a phase or life period. We can observe the dynamics of Charlie’s life, his growing, throughout the story, though it is a very little period of time. But the changes are evident. And we can imagine the stairs as a symbolic element. Moreover, we can find symbolism in night characterizing Charlie’s fears and hesitation and uncertainty. 12. Stylistic devices A lot of stylistic devices were mentioned above. But in this part of the analysis I want to discuss the title of the story â€Å"I Spy†. It sounds like a kids’ game â€Å"Eye Spy†, where the player-spy silently selects an object that is visible to all the players and does not reveal his or her choice. The same with Charlie: he wants to share his feelings, emotions and problems with the father, but doesn’t do it. His father isn’t interested in him, he is indefinite and the boy feels it. â€Å"I Spy† and â€Å"Eye Spy† is a stylistic device called pun, based on the play of words that sound similar.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Human Resource Planning National University Of Sciences & Technology

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY, PAKISTAN ARQUM NAVEED Abstract Human Resource Planning (HRP) is a difficult topic to discuss, particularly at the time of increasingly disruptive business environments causing far more disturbance, which increase the tension between the need for planning and the difficulties of prediction. Although a difficult subject, the underlying purpose is straightforward, HRP is referring with having the right people at right place and with right skills.The intensions of this document are to check the nature of, and to what extent companies are able to manage this complexity. For this document, different firms have been used in order to identify if there are any firm-specific differences regarding HRP traditions. Results from our investigation of the studied firms shows that the degree of stability in their respective firms, in terms of employee turnover and economical fluctuations, clearly affects the way in which they appro ach HRP. Key-words Human Resource Management, Strategic Planning, Human Resource Planning. 1.Introduction Organizations are under increasing pressure to find ways to implement their strategies in a fast changing business environment, in which planning lifecycles tend to shrink to reduce the ‘time-to-market’ intervals. At the same time, organizations are putting more and more emphasis on adjusting the organization and employees in their attempt to achieve business goals . â€Å"HRP is usually seen as an essential feature of the ideal-type model of human resource management, even if it does not always appear to be given high priority in practiceâ€Å"(Rothwell, 1995).The issue of efficient planning for people was brought up before the introduction of human resource management. One possible explanation was presented by Storey (1995), who presents that as the developing business environment forces organizations to plan effectively and efficiently for the people resources, the rapid changes in the business environment also makes it difficult for organizations to plan with accuracy. In the light of this we want to investigate to what extent organizations plan for HR in today’s business environment. 2. Human Resource Planning – Concept ClarificationAs in many areas of personnel management, there is confusion about the precise meanings of the terms used to describe the human resource planning functions. According to Taylor (1998), â€Å"The main distinction is between those who see the term ‘human resource planning’ as having broadly the same meaning as the longer established terms ‘workforce planning’ and ‘manpower planning,’ and those who believe ‘human resource planning’ to represent something rather different. † According to Bramham (1994), â€Å"There is a big distinction between the two terms.He argues that ‘manpower planning’ is essentially quantitative in natu re and is concerned with forecasting the demand and supply of labour, while ‘human resource planning’ has a far wider meaning, including plans made across the whole range of personnel and development activity. These activities include soft issues such as motivation, employee attitudes and organizational culture. † The opposite opinion is that, the term ‘human resource planning’ is simply a more modern and gender-neutral term with essentially the same meaning as ‘manpower planning. Both are concerned with looking ahead and using systematic techniques to assess the extent to which an organization will be able to meet its requirements for labour in the future (Taylor, 1998). They are thus undertaken in order to assess whether an organization is likely to have ‘the right people, with the right skills, in the right places at the right time’ (Ibid). According to this definition, human resource planning is a relatively specialized sub-disc ipline within the general activity undertaken by personnel managers. There are different views of the specific meaning of HRP.We argue that it is more than a quantitative approach, as we believe that issues such as employee retention, attitudes and motivation are essential features for having the right people, with the right skills, in the right places at the right time. Thus, we agree with Bramhams’s view that HRP has a wider meaning, encompassing â€Å"soft† HR issues and it is the one that is accepted for the purpose of this text. 3. The Evolution of HRP Since the origins of the modern industrial organization, human resource planning has been a management function (Walker, 1980).Division of labour, specialization, organization of management into levels, work simplification, and application of standards for selecting employees and measuring their performance were all principles applied early in industrial management (Ibid). Planning for the staffing of work to be don e is not something that has become popular in recent years. This is something that has grown to become what it is today. The relatively sophisticated techniques available to management today are outcomes of a long period of evolution in practices, which started decades ago with simple, pragmatic, short term planning.The techniques used by management tended to fit contemporary conditions and events (Storey, 1995). During the first part of the 20th century, for example, the focus in manpower planning was upon the hourly production worker. The aim of improving efficiency through work engineering and early industrial psychology applications was consistent with the need to improve productivity and introduce greater objectivity to personnel practices (Ling, 1965; Merril, 1959; Yoder; 1952). During the Second World War and the post war years, the focus intensified on employee productivity.There was also greater concern regarding the availability of competent managerial personnel, as there was a talent shortage in combination with significant demand for goods and services. New technologies and interests in behavioral aspects of work also added complexities to the manpower planning task. In the 1960’s the demand for high talent personnel increased due to high technology programmers, rapid corporate expansion and diversification. In order to handle this increase, manpower planning practices were focused on balancing supply with demand, particularly demand for managerial, professional and technical personnel.According to textbooks written during the later part of the 1960’s, manpower planning was viewed as a system linking the organization with its environment (Patten, 1969; Vetter, 1967). Walker (1980) argues that the most common view of manpower planning at that time, which also dominated the literature until the 80s, was that â€Å"companies forecast their needs for manpower into the future, forecast their internal labour supply for meeting these needs, and identify the gaps between what will be needed and what will be available. Further, manpower planners develop plans for recruiting, selecting and placing new employees, provide for training and development and anticipate necessary promotions and transfers (Burack et al, 1972; Geisler, 1967; Henemann et al, 1968; Wikstrom, 1971). The 70s came with new legislation, court decisions and governmental regulations. Management attention then turned to affirmative action planning and other aspects of compliance. While many companies adopted the techniques that had been introduced by leading companies during the previous decades, ther experimented with new tools such as career planning, activity analysis, and reshaping of work (Walker, 1980). The majority of companies, however, were mainly concerned about the compliance with the significant new regulations governing discrimination, safety and pensions. Generally, it was an unsettled decade, during which managers had to deal with the energ y crisis, uncertain costs and profits, the slowing of business expansion and the increased concern regarding women’s liberation and reverse discrimination (Bramham, 1994).However, according to Bramham, it was during this time or decade that â€Å"manpower planning† was broadly being termed â€Å"human resource† planning and became widely established as a staff activity in major business and governmental organizations (Ibid). The term â€Å"human resource planning† implied a scope broader than just supply-demand balancing or quantitative forecasting. Human resource planning shifted focus from being a quantitative approach, although recognizing its importance, to a more comprehensive view of the process encompassing both needs forecasting and program forecasting (Ibid).During the 80s and early 90s, human resource management researchers and professionals tended to place greater emphasis on employee attitudes and on the development of personnel strategies to search for the enhancement of positive employee feelings and commitment (Zeffane and Mayo, 1994). Generally, these strategies lacked sufficient concentration on the need to control the flow of personnel within and across organizational boundaries (Walker, 1989). According to Richards-Carpenter (1989), this meant that human resource planning took a backward step in priority placing within the overall human resource management system.However, due to the increasingly uncertain socio-economic climate during the 90s, it was anticipated that the HRP function was to become the focal activity, as it was increasingly becoming an essential function across the organization (Zeffane and Mayo, 1994). Damm and Tengbland (2000) argue that in the future, the role of the HR personnel is to provide and develop an attractive organizational environment in which the individual feels inspired to grow and develop his/her competence.Furthermore, they say that individual organizations will not necessarily b e responsible for the individuals’ competence development; it is rather the individuals’ responsibility to make sure that they develop their competencies in order to attract future employment relationships. The ultimate situation is when the individual feels that the organization provides the best resources available in order for them to grow and develop their competencies.Damm and Tengblad also argue that two very important future working areas, for individually focused personnel work, will be guidance consulting and employee brooking. There will be a need for people who work with professional career service to assist the individuals with their career planning if the individual will be responsible for their own careers. In a labour market that is increasingly characterized by time limit employment rather than life long contracts, there will be a constant requirement to link competence demand with competence supply.The employee brokers can assist in the process of iden tifying the different potentials and overlapping between demands since they have a better overview than the individuals have. This could mean that it will still be necessary with employees working with personnel-related questions; however, much of the â€Å"strategic personnel work† will not be as important since individuals will be responsible for their own competence development (Damm and Tengblad, 2000). 4. The Contemporary Purpose of HRPThe effective HRP can help anticipate potential future difficulties while there is still a choice of action. Forward planning should enable the organization to develop effective personnel strategies related to such activities as recruitment and selection, training and retraining, management development and career progression, transfers and redeployment, early retirements, salary levels, anticipated redundancies, and accommodation requirements. Bramham (1987) presents a more detailed view of six basic objectives, which are quite similar to those mentioned by Mullins (1996) that is thought to onstitute the purpose of HRP. The first objective and a major purpose behind the use of HRP is to give an organization a broad, forward-looking insight into not just the number of employees, but also the type, skills, and attributes of the people that will be needed in the future. HRP provides the information on which recruiters base their activities and it reveals what gaps there are between the demand for and supply of people with particular skills (Bramham, 1987; Storey, 1995; Mullins, 1996).The second objective aims to reveal what training and development activities need to be undertaken to ensure that existing employees and new recruits possess the required skills at the right time. The longer and more specialized the training is, the more significant accurate HRP is to the organization’s effective operation (Bramham, 1987). Manpower costing is listed as the third objective and explains how HRP assists in cost reductio n by aiming to work out in advance how organizational operations can be staffed most efficiently.This is of even more importance when new ventures or projects are considered because it provides information on which to base vital decisions (Bramham, 1987). The fourth objective presented by Bramham (1987) is redundancy. HRP is an important tool in the anticipation of future redundancies and therefore allows remedial action to be taken, such as recruitment freezes, retraining, and early retirements so as to reduce the numbers involved. Another advantage associated with HRP, presented as the fifth objective, is collective bargaining.In organizations with a strong trade union presence, HRP provides important information for use in the bargaining process. It is particularly significant when long-term deals are being negotiated to improve productivity and efficiency. In such situations, the information provided by HR forecasts enables calculations to be made concerning how great an increas e in pay or how great a reduction in hours might be conceded in exchange for more productive working methods and processes (Bramham, 1987).The sixth and last objective presented as a purpose of HRP deals with the planning of accommodations, such as future need for office space, car parking, and other workplace facilities. Such considerations are of great importance, especially to organizations expecting fast expansion or contraction of key operations. As with the other five objectives described above, HRP also here aims at controlling costs over the long term by forecasting the future (Bramham, 1987). 5. External and Internal Influences on HRP 5. 1External Influences on HRPA lot of things have changed from when HRP first gained widespread popularity. The stability of the smooth sailing years, as Champ (1995) refers to the age of US corporate domination between 1948 and 1973 is gone. Today’s dynamic environment, filled with global competition and business discontinuities, defi ne the arena in which HRP must flourish. The need for analysis of changing scenarios, therefore, has to be an integral part of the HRP process (Rothwell 1995). The first step in HRP is usually the â€Å"environmental† scan.If this review has not already been carried out in some depth as part of the formulation of corporate strategy, consideration of critical trends may be a major contribution, which the HRM function can make to the organization (Institute of Personnel Management 1992). The growing internationalization of business in the face of changing patterns of world trade, the emergence of new competitors and new markets and changes in the older industrialized countries, all have some impact on the labour markets of even the smallest firm trading in national market (Taylor, 1998).Most larger and medium-sized companies are, however, likely to be trading internationally (Rothwell 1995) in some way and will need to understand the labour markets in those countries, if they a re to recruit staff abroad or if they expect to send their own staff to work there. The whole issue of international management development has major implications for strategic planning and for human resource forecasting and implementation. Evidence so far suggests that there are many inadequacies in both planning and implementation of management mobility, and that there is a widespread reliance on ad hoc use of expatriate managers (Ibid. 995). International and political issues are clearly closely linked, the move towards greater European unity, the unification of East and West Germany, the opening of Eastern Europe, The World Trade Centre bombings etc. , are just a few examples of events with implications for business planning. The political complexion of a government tends to affect the type of economic policy in place, the attitude to full employment, trade union and employee rights, as well as the level of support for private or public sector enterprises.External political fact ors, especially the broader social and regulatory legacies of industrial relations, provide a socio-political context in which managerial strategies have had to develop, and by which they have been conditioned (Lucio and Simpson 1992). At a time of economic recession in particular, the costs of worker protection policies can be very costly for companies. An awareness of population trends is critical in understanding labour markets, and national population statistics are readily available.Rothwell further states that planning to take account of demographic trends is not often done early enough. Also, a lack of advance planning tends to increase labour costs, as firms have to increase wages and salaries in order to retain staff or poach them from other firms. Public policy emphasis on training, the co-ordination of a plethora of national vocational qualifications, and the setting of national education training targets all mean that some aspects of estimating external competence supply will be improved.Data on graduate qualifications are readily available, but interpreting likely trends in supply and demand is complex (Pike et al. 1992). Demand-side factors stem mainly from business strategy, but need to take account of other skills that may be needed; for example in physical environmental awareness and the implications for products or processes and energy use; or in marketing, in concepts of relational marketing, customer education and general supply chain management. If mergers or acquisitions are expected, is new expertise needed to handle that?Or if organization structures are changing to create flatter organizations or new internationalized business market divisions, are there skills available in managing networks, managing projects or managing cross-culturally? Firms that use competence-mapping techniques may be able to provide data relevant to HRP, but where these activities are done by different people and/or at different locations, such linkage cannot be made (Rothwell, 1995). Consumer attitudes tend to be surveyed more regularly than those of employees, but shifts in employee preferences are perceptible, often on a generation basis.The generation of people born in the 70s and 80s are more individualistic, less likely to accept authority, expecting to have a say and be given a choice, and also to be putting more emphasis on quality of leisure and family life. The priority perks for those in work are those related to health and to education and training. Employees are also less likely to remain with one employer. These attitudes are found particularly among â€Å"knowledge-workers†, and may be modified over-time by experience of recession and widespread white-collar unemployment (Rothwell, 1995).If a major difference between HRP and manpower planning lies in its emphasis on motivating people (Bramham 1989), understanding the starting point and The incorporation of both individual and organizational needs is therefore the majo r challenge for HR planners and should be reflected in the application of the planning process to the ways in which people are employed (Ferner and Colling 1991) 5. 2Internal Influences on HRP Zeffane and Mayo (1994) argue that in the context of the supply-demand equation, a range of internal factors require consideration for the purpose of evaluating existing (or anticipated) supply from within the organization.The supply side issues that HRP should address include the organization’s policy on growth from within or by means of outside recruitment; the policy on pay and remuneration, and the organization’s view on employee development. In this context, the conventional human resource plans take into consideration a series of supply side statistics, such as company growth, the age distribution of employees, skill levels, turnover ratios and the overall profile/distribution of employment across job categories.Zeffane and Mayo (1994) further state that among all these, ag e and retirement are emerging as important considerations in workforce planning in the current socio-economic climate. These factors (i. e. age and retirement) are strongly related in the sense that retirement takes place on the attainment of a certain age. Catering for age is necessary and is becoming increasingly the subject of a more elaborate mathematical modeling for workforce (Mohapatra et al. 1990). The more contemporary approaches to HRP need to consider current (and anticipated/future) changes in the make-up and aspirations of the workforce.Long-term macro-level forecasts seem to suggest that people in the future will have even greater desire for self-development and discovery (Taylor, 1998). These aspirations may trigger requirements for changes in existing corporate structures and management systems. As a result, human resource professionals and their organizations may capitalize on the advantage of potential employees who may be creative and self-motivated, but they will also face the problem of developing an environment that will attract and hold such individuals (Taylor 1998). 6.Different Types of Human Resource Planning 6. 1Succession Planning One adaptation of traditional HRP that takes place mostly in larger organizations is the development of a succession planning function. Storey (1995) argues that chief executives often see this function as the major rational for any form of HRP. While in some organizations it may be focused mainly on the few top positions, the need to consider at least a five-year-period can mean that it becomes a more significant operation, and eventually drives a whole management recruitment and development programme.According to Taylor (1998), succession planners are mainly interested in ensuring that their employer has enough individuals with the right abilities, skills and experience to promote into key senior jobs, as they become vacant. According to Jackson and Schuler (1990), succession planning differs from tradit ional HRP in the sense that the succession planning process covers a narrower group of employees but does so with a higher degree of intensity. As succession plans concern relatively few employees, they can be considerably more sophisticated the time span is also longer than that of traditional HRP.Succession plans often involve forecasting and planning the progress of individuals 20 years ahead or more (Walker, 1992, Storey, 1995). Storey (1995) argues that succession planning is most often associated with hierarchical organizations in which individuals develop careers by moving upwards and sideways over a number of years as they acquire the required skills and experience. The aim of this is to ensure that enough individuals with the potential to succeed to senior positions are available when an appointment needs to be made.Rothwell (1994) states that three candidates are typically identified for each senior post: one who is ready now and could succeed immediately if necessary; one who will be ready, if needed, in two or three years’ time and one who will be ready in five years’ time. Taylor (1998) comments, in addition, succession planners have an input into decisions about the numbers of graduates that are employed on graduate training programmers’ each year. In technical terms, succession planning involves collecting and manipulating data about individuals and tracking their performance and progress as they move from job to job over a period of time. . 2Career Planning This type of HRP is by some viewed as a more fashionable term to use than succession planning and ostensibly is more individually focused (Storey, 1995). Furthermore, like succession planning, broadly interpreted, it requires an understanding of processes that can integrate an individual’s characteristics and preferences with the implications of: organizational culture, values and style, business strategy and direction, organizational structure and change, reward systems, training and development system, appraisal and promotion systems.According to Taylor (1998), career planning emphasizes much more on the individual’s responsibility for his/her own career development. ‘Mentoring’ and ‘coaching’ systems, whether formal or informal, may be introduced to assist in this. Storey (1995) argues that common problems associated with this kind of planning are related to key people leaving, or to managers’ lack of broad experience. The requirements of different types of organizations (static; fast growing; international etc. ) for detailed planning clearly vary (Ibid).Storey further states that the need for creating ‘bridges’ between different occupations and for the identification of ‘development positions’, are both significant techniques in career planning. The predominant influence of this type of planning is that of the organization’s needs, as interpreted by particular mana gers, at certain phases of its development and it is said that career planning may be interpreted very differently by those who experience it (Storey, 1995). Storey continues to say that the ‘myths’ of the organization in this sense may also be significant: â€Å"those who decode them appropriately are those who obtain advancement. 6. 3Contingency Planning Contingency planning is seldom given any attention by authors within the HR field, but according to Taylor (1998), it can be seen as an approach that is almost universally applicable. Contingency planning involves planning possible responses to a variety of potential environmental scenarios, and the result is that HRP effectively switches from being a reactive process undertaken in order to assist the organization in achieving its aims. Taylor further argues that it becomes a proactive process undertaken prior to the formulation of wider organizational objectives and strategies.The main purpose of contingency plannin g in the HR field is the provision of information on which decisions about the future directions the organization takes are made (Taylor, 1998). 6. 4Competency Planning Another adaptation of traditional HRP is skills planning and is, according to Speechly (1994), particularly appropriate in situations where there is a variety of different methods by which employee needs can be met. The basic principle of this method is to shift away from a focus on planning for people and instead concentrate mainly on skills.Taylor (1998) argues that instead of forecasting the future supply of and demand for employees, skills planning involves predicting what competencies will be needed one to five years ahead, hence, leaving open the question of the form in which these will be obtained. Further, skills-based plans incorporate the possibility that skills needs are to be met either wholly or partially through the employment of short-term employees, outside consultants, as well as by permanent members of staff (Taylor, 1998). . 5Soft Human Resource Planning There has been some disagreement in the literature over the term ‘soft human resource planning’ and its perceived meaning (Taylor, 1998). Marchington and Wilkinson (1996) give one broad definition as being ‘synonymous with the whole subject of human resource management. ’ Torrington and Hall (1995) have a narrower definition involving planning to meet ‘soft’ HR goals – particularly cultural and behavioral objectives.Torrington and Hall also use the label to give meaning to a distinct range of HR activities which are similar to hard HRP in approach, but with a focus on forecasting the likely supply and demand for particular attitudes and behaviors rather than people and skills. According to Taylor (1998) soft HRP can thus be seen as a broadening of the objectives associated with the traditional approaches of HRP. Soft HRP accepts that for organizations to succeed in the current env ironment they need more than the right people in the right place at the right time.In order to contribute to the creation of a successful organizational culture, they also need to make sure that people have an appropriate outlook and set of attitudes. Further, even more essentially argued by Taylor, by undertaking systematic soft HRP Organizations will be alert to long-term shifts in attitudes to work among the Labour force in general, allowing them to build these considerations into their general planning processes. Such issues are not taken into account by traditional HRP according to Taylor (1998). . Conclusions Regardless of the organizational size and industry the underlying motive behind HRP is to have the right people, with the right skills, in the right places, at the right time. However, the ways to realize this motive do differ from one organization to another depending on the individual prerequisites. This could be illustrated by breaking down the motive, where finding th e right people, with the right skills is the essential condition for having them at the right place, at the right time.In times of organizational growth or downsizing organizations naturally focus on hiring or retaining the right people with the right skills. However, organizations with a modest employee turnover can focus more on having the people in the right place i. e. concentrating more on making sure that the existing workforce is utilized in the optimal way. While there are different prerequisites between organizations, determining their approach to plan, we can also see a general change affecting the ability for all organizations to plan.Historically, there has been turbulence in the business environment such as technological developments and erratic economic fluctuations, however it is not these factors per se that has caused the change today, but rather the speeds in which discontinuities occur. This is made evident by the fact that companies no longer plan in the same way as they did ten to fifteen years ago when the more static conditions allowed the organizations to plan with more accuracy.Today organizations do not plan more than three years ahead and the plans are revised both annually and quarterly. This development has put the organizations in a dilemma; the greater the need for planning the more difficult it becomes to plan. In the light of this, some theorists question planning since it is virtually impossible to foresee changes with any accuracy. However, this view appears to have little, if any relevance among the organizations, where planning is viewed as a less formal process.The common understanding among the companies is that it is impossible to follow a plan rigorously but they still plan. From this we draw the conclusion that planning is more than just forecasting the future, it is rather the planning process itself that adds value to the organization. By incorporating plans made across the whole range of personnel and development ac tivity the organization becomes more alert to changes and prepares itself for future discontinuities regardless of their nature, thus admitting that change will occur is more important than foreseeing the future.Organizations that embrace this way of thinking plan to a greater extent than in the past in the way that it involves a broader definition of HRP, incorporating not only quantitative measures but also soft issues. However, the fact is that environments vary across industries, organizations and over time. Some organizations occasionally experience disruption. But at the same time others are experiencing relative stability. Thus, organizations are very much influenced by their individual prerequisites limiting their abilities to plan to the extent as described above.Two findings concerning HRP seems to distinguish themselves, firstly we can see a general change among all companies in the way they plan for HR, secondly HRP is still very much based on individual prerequisites. 8 . Analysis Human resource planning is probably one of the most critical elements in linking the work of the human resources function to the business goals of the company. It is important to recognize that certain aspects of human resource management tend to have potentially high strategic consequences.Especially in the areas of policy development and implementation it is obvious and difficult to refute advice that effective human resource policies require human resource planning, which in turn, requires effective integration with an organization’s strategic planning process. It is evident that human resources planning are becoming more and more important in business circles. Because business profits are squeezed by inflation and a weakened economy, management is also concerned with personnel costs and is seeking to achieve increased output with the same or fewer staff.During our research we have found evidence supporting the above statement, where organizations with a high em ployee turnover tend to focus on the planning for supply and demand of HR, while organizations with low employee turnover lean more towards internal issues of HRP. Logically counting heads becomes more important in times of growth or downsizing, thus the nature of the HRP shifts towards a quantitative approach. Consequently organizations experiencing more stable periods can focus on softer HRP, i. e. concentrating on the creation of an environment that stimulates personal development and motivation among the employees.Our impression during the research is that all companies have the intention to focus more on internal HRP, thus companies do not decide to be either quantitative or qualitative in their approach, and it is rather a natural selection based on the individual prerequisites. However, we can see a risk with not having a balanced view in terms of external and internal HRP. Among the companies with an explicit internal focus there is a lack of attention for external developme nts and trends, thus we can see an inherent risk of becoming â€Å"fat and happy† which in turn requires reactive actions in times of major change.References †¢ Beer, S. (1972). Brain of the Firm, New York, Herder and Herder. †¢ Beer, S. (1974). Designing Freedom. Toronto: CSC Publications. †¢ Bell, D. J. 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